Tag Archives: Abortion

Forced Birth from the Perspective of Evolutionary Psychology

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Evolutionary psychology, according to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, “is one of many biologically-informed approaches to the study of human behavior”:

Along with cognitive psychologists, evolutionary psychologists propose that much, if not all, of our behavior can be explained by appeal to internal psychological mechanisms. What distinguishes evolutionary psychologists from many cognitive psychologists is the proposal that the relevant internal mechanisms are adaptationsā€”products of natural selectionā€”that helped our ancestors get around the world, survive and reproduce.

Two evolutionary psychologists argue that the real reason people oppose abortion (i.e. insist that pregnant women give birth) is that they find casual sex threatening:

Itā€™s common to hear religious, political and other ideologically driven explanations ā€“ for example, about the sanctity of life. If such beliefs were really driving anti-abortion attitudes, though, then people who oppose abortion might not support the death penalty (many do), and they would support social safety net measures that could save newbornsā€™ lives (many donā€™t).

The evolutionary coin of the realm is fitness ā€“ getting more copies of your genes into the next generation. What faraway strangers do presumably has limited impact on your own fitness. So from this perspective, it is a mystery why people in Pensacola care so strongly about what goes on in the bedrooms of Philadelphia or the Planned Parenthoods of Los Angeles.

The solution to this puzzle ā€“ and one answer to what is driving anti-abortion attitudes ā€“ lies in a conflict of sexual strategies:Ā People vary in how opposed they are to casual sex. More ā€œsexually restrictedā€ people tend to shun casual sex and instead invest heavily in long-term relationships and parenting children. In contrast, more ā€œsexually unrestrictedā€ people tend to pursue a series of different sexual partners and are often slower to settle down.

These sexual strategies conflict in ways that affect evolutionary fitness.

The crux of this argument is that, for sexually restricted people, other peopleā€™s sexual freedoms represent threats. Consider that sexually restricted women often get married young and have children early in life….

Other womenā€™s sexual openness can destroy these womenā€™s lives and livelihoods by breaking up the relationships they depend on. So sexually restricted women benefit from impeding other peopleā€™s sexual freedoms. Likewise, sexually restricted men tend toĀ invest a lot in their children, so they benefit from prohibiting peopleā€™s sexual freedoms to preclude the high fitness costs of being cuckolded [and their wives having other men’s children].

According to evolutionary social science, restricted sexual strategists benefit by imposing their strategic preferences on society ā€“ by curtailing other peopleā€™s sexual freedoms.

How can restricted sexual strategists achieve this? By making casual sex more costly.

For example, banning womenā€™s access to safe and legal abortion essentially forces them to endure the costs of bearing a child. Such hikes in the price of casual sex can deter people from having it….

No one would argue this is a conscious phenomenon. Rather, peopleā€™s strategic interests shape their attitudes in nonconscious but self-benefiting ways ā€“ a common finding inĀ political scienceĀ andĀ evolutionary social scienceĀ alike.

An evolutionary perspective suggests that common explanations are not the genuine drivers of peopleā€™s attitudes ā€“ on either side of the abortion debate.

In fact, peopleā€™s stated religious, political and ideological explanations are often rife with awkward contradictions. For example, many who oppose abortion also opposeĀ preventing unwanted pregnancy through access to contraception.

From an evolutionary perspective, such contradictions are easily resolved. Sexually restricted people benefit from increasing the costs of sex. That cost increases when people cannot access legal abortions or prevent unwanted pregnancy.

An evolutionary perspective also makes unique ā€“ often counterintuitive ā€“ predictions about which attitudes travel together. This view predicts that if sexually restricted people associate something with sexual freedoms, they should oppose it.

Indeed, researchers have found that sexually restricted people oppose not only abortion and birth control, but alsoĀ marriage equality, because they perceive homosexuality as associated with sexual promiscuity, andĀ recreational drugs, presumably because they associate drugs like marijuana and MDMA with casual sex. We suspect this list likely also includes transgender rights,Ā public breastfeeding, premarital sex, what books children read (andĀ if drag queens can read to them), equal pay for women, and many other concerns that have yet to be tested.

No other theories we are aware of predict these strange attitudinal bedfellows.

This evolutionary perspective can also explain why anti-abortion attitudes are so often associated with religion and social conservatism.

Rather than thinking that religiosity causes people to be sexually restricted, this perspective suggests that a restricted sexual strategy canĀ motivate people to become religious. Why?Ā SeveralĀ scholarsĀ have suggestedĀ that people adhere to religion in partĀ because its teachings promote sexually restricted norms. Supporting this idea, participants in one study reported beingĀ more religious after researchers showed them photos of attractive people of their own sex ā€“ that is, potential mating rivals….

There areĀ multiple answers to any ā€œwhyā€ questionĀ in scientific research. Ideological beliefs, personal histories and other factors certainly play a role in peopleā€™s abortion attitudes.

But so, too, do peopleā€™s sexual strategies.

This evolutionary social science research suggests that restricted sexual strategists benefit by making everyone else play by their rules. And just asĀ Justice Thomas suggested when overturning Roe v. Wade, this group may be taking aim at birth control and marriage equality next.

Unquote.

I don’t know how applicable this explanation of forced birth attitudes is, but it sounds like a factor. One way to test the idea is to consider whether those who favor forced birth feel the same way when they have relationships with the woman who’s pregnant. Do anti-abortion men feel different if it’s their wife or daughter who’s pregnant? What if the wife is pregnant by another man? Do anti-abortion women sometimes decide they really don’t want a child or one more? My guess is that conservative opponents of abortion are much more accepting of abortion if the pregnancy is close to home and/or they don’t feel threatened by the sex involved (the example making news now is the Republican running — very badly — for the Senate in Georgia).

How Forced Births Will Affect Women’s Healthcare

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From Kate Riga of Talking Points Memo:

… The Supreme Court has not only let red states flip the calendar pages back to pre-1973 America. In many ways, itā€™s worse than that.

Abortion has become a foundational pillar to all kinds of health care procedures. Ripping it out [reduces their availability].

America now faces a reality that will be like returning to the early ā€˜70s, but with half a century of medical and technological advances that health care providers in certain states can no longer use. SinceĀ Roe, abortion care became drastically safer and more efficient, and the medical procedures involved in abortion have become indelibly embedded in the wider health care landscape. Theyā€™ve become a key aspect of all kinds of other health care, from miscarriage management to cancer treatment.

Now, in states from Texas to Ohio, weā€™re already seeing how abortion ā€” or procedures that can be construed as abortion ā€” are deeply intertwined with health care more broadly, and what it means for them to be taken away.

Itā€™s easier, and convenient for the anti-abortion movement, to imagine abortion as a siloed-off procedure, under the auspices of Planned Parenthood and only relevant to young women seeking to end their unwanted pregnancies. But for decades, that hasnā€™t been the case.

AfterĀ Roe,Ā Abortion Becomes Safe

After the Supreme Court legalized abortion nationwide, researchers and physicians could finally learn how to get better at it.

ā€œIf the procedure is illegal, you canā€™t do clinical studies and you canā€™t develop new procedures because youā€™re doing it secretly,ā€ Johanna Schoen, a professor of history at Rutgers University told TPM. ā€œMost people providing abortions were not clinicians and not able to do it in a medical setting.ā€

ā€œAfterĀ Roe, clinicians made it not only the safest out-patient procedure in the country, but also much safer than pregnancy and delivering a baby,ā€ she added. ā€œAll of that has to do both with the improvement of abortion procedures and development of new ones.ā€

In addition to the procedure improvements, afterĀ Roe, physicians started receiving more training in how to perform abortions and manage potential complications. Mortality rates associated with abortion started to plummet. And the number of women hospitalized for abortion-related complicationsĀ dropped between 1970 and 1977, with a steep dip after 1973. By 1995, fewer than 0.3 percent of abortion patients were hospitalized with complications from the procedure.

Abortion Is Now Woven Throughout Todayā€™s Medical LandscapeĀ 

While abortion care developed apace, other related medical technologies improved too. By the late 1970s, ultrasounds were being used widely in American hospitals, helping to advance detection of fetal abnormalities.

As the technology continued to improve over the next few decades, physicians became better able to identify abnormality markers. UnderĀ Roe, in states that hadnā€™t impinged on the abortion right with gestational bans (many diagnoses occur in the second trimester, though advances are pushing someĀ earlier), women could opt for an abortion once abnormalities were detected rather than carrying the pregnancy to term.

Now, afterĀ Dobbs,Ā experts are certainĀ that women in states with draconian abortion bans will have to go through labor and give birth to babies that cannot survive.

The development of ultrasound technology has also enabled physicians to more accuratelyĀ diagnoseĀ unruptured ectopic pregnancies in a way that was not possible pre-Roe.Ā In theseĀ pregnancies, the fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus where it cannot survive but can pose a deadly threat to the woman if itā€™s allowed to grow.

The improvement in mortality rates associated with ectopic pregnancies followed: a more thanĀ 70 percentĀ decrease in deaths-to-cases from 1970 to 1978.

Already,Ā storiesĀ are emerging about the demise ofĀ RoeĀ throwing ectopic pregnancy care into chaos. DoctorsĀ reportĀ feeling unsure about whether abortion bans ā€” which are often written using broad political messaging language rather than medical ā€”Ā include ending ectopic pregnancies, which are not viable. Various lawmakers and anti-abortion activists have proven themselves to be particularly unlearned on the subject, someĀ suggestingĀ that terminating ectopic pregnancies is not medically necessary, while others have offered up a supposed solution ā€” just moving the ectopic pregnancy inside of the uterus ā€” technology for which does not currently exist.

Another medical success story already under threat is in-vitro fertilization, or IVF. The first IVF baby was born in 1978; since then, initial single-digit success rates have blossomed toĀ nearly 50 percentĀ for cases where the woman is under 35 years old.Ā One to two percentĀ of births in the United States annually result from IVF.

Fertility clinics have already beenĀ floodedĀ with calls by people panicked about what abortion bans mean for their procedures. During IVF, clinicians usually implant one or two embryos in the uterus and store the rest for potential future use. Itā€™s unclear whether bans would stop people from discarding the unneeded embryos, perhaps forcing them to pay to keep them frozen forever. Genetic testing of the embryos could become illegal. And if some embryos donā€™t survive the implantation process ā€” or are nonviable and discarded ā€” clinics could potentially be liable.

Some states are alreadyĀ contemplatingĀ granting personhood to the embryos, which could put IVF clinics out of business and leave the people who depend on them without options.

Far-Reaching Consequences

Even cancer treatment, a seemingly far cry from reproductive care, depends on abortion to afford its patients the right to treat their illnesses without worrying about the oftentimes toxic effect those treatments have on fetuses.

Cancer occurs in aboutĀ one in every 1,000Ā pregnancies annually, leaving the women with few options even whileĀ Roeā€™s protections were the law of the land. Many treatments can cause miscarriages or birth defects in the developing fetuses, especially at the beginning of the pregnancy. The CEO of the American Cancer SocietyĀ saidĀ that radiation therapy is never given to pregnant patients at all.

Ending their pregnancies, for these patients, can become a matter of literal life and death ā€” the only way for women to receive the full gamut of treatment to cure their cancer. Now, in some states, women may have to choose: lifesaving treatment that will harm the developing fetus, or leaving their cancer untreated.

Some pharmacists are already restricting patientsā€™ access to methotrexate, a therapy for certain kinds of cancer that can induce abortions. Methotrexate is also used in treating ectopic pregnancies and, since the 1980s, soothing chronic inflammation and pain, making it a mainstay in treating diseases like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The Arthritis Foundation has stood up aĀ hotlineĀ amid reports of patients struggling to obtain the drug.

Two other pills ā€” mifepristone and misoprostol, the collective ā€œabortion pillā€ approved by the Food and Drug administration for combined used through 49 days of gestation in 2000, and for longer now ā€” are already being acutely targeted by anti-abortion lawmakers. Thereā€™s a long history of animosity towards mifepristone in particular, with the FDA baselessly categorizing it as dangerous for years.

Those medications areĀ indispensableĀ in treating miscarriages, which at leastĀ one in fourĀ American women will have by age 45. Even before theĀ DobbsĀ ruling, women have had to rely on abortion clinics for miscarriage treatment, often because of arbitrary limitations on who can distribute mifepristone. That problem has been compounded since the ruling by sparking confusion among some hospitals about whether other aspects of miscarriage care will be misconstrued by authorities as an elective abortion.

ā€œManagement of miscarriages and ectopic pregnancies are things that were not really possible when abortion was illegal,ā€ Schoen said. ā€œWomen in the middle of miscarriages and ectopic pregnancies were up shitā€™s creek ā€” and people died as a result of that.ā€

Abortion is a medical success story. Bringing the procedure out of the shadows allowed clinicians to make it safe and humane, and to weave it into other medical treatments. Procedures that are related to, or can be construed as abortion, are now integral parts of an astoundingly wide range of medical care. All of it is under threat.

The Supreme Court is not sending large swaths of the country back to the relative ignorance of pre-RoeĀ America. Itā€™s sending us back in time armed with prodigious knowledge and then-undreamed-of technology that lessen womenā€™s suffering, and uncomplicate and alleviate illnesses where pregnancy is not an option ā€” but forbidding health care workers to use that knowledge.

Women will suffer and they will die, even while doctors have 50 years of medical advancements at their backs….

Requiem for the Supreme Court

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That’s the title of an article by Linda Greenhouse, the longtime observer of the Supreme Court for the New York Times. She writes:

They did it because they could.

It was as simple as that.

Greenhouse is no firebrand, but she concludes that the Court’s reactionaries have destroyed “the legitimacy of the Court”.

The title of Jill Filipovic’s article for The Guardian is “Itā€™s time to say it: the US supreme court has become an illegitimate institution”. She writes:

As of 24 June 2022, the US Supreme CourtĀ should officially be understood as an illegitimate institution ā€“ a tool of minority rule over the majority, and as part of a far-right ideological and authoritarian takeover that must be snuffed out if we want American democracy to survive.

On Friday, in Dobbs v Jackson Womenā€™s Health, the supreme court overruled its nearly 50-year precedent of Roe v Wade, the 1973 case that legalized abortion nationwide. It is difficult to overstate just how devastating this is for pregnant people, for women as a class and for anyone with even a passing interest in individual freedom and equality.

But itā€™s also devastating for those of us who care quite a bit about American democratic traditions and the strength of our institutions. Because, with this ruling, the Supreme Court has just signaled its illegitimacy ā€“ and it throws much of the American project into question. Which means that Democrats and others who want to see America endure as a representative democracy need to act.

Of the nine justices sitting on the current court, five ā€“ all of them in the majority opinion that overturned Roe ā€“ were appointed by presidents who initially lost the popular vote; the three appointed by D____ T____ were confirmed by senators who represent a minority of Americans. A majority of this court, in other words, were not appointed by a process that is representative of the will of the American people.

Two were appointed via starkly undemocratic means, put in place by bad actors willing to change the rules to suit their needs. Neil Gorsuch only has his seat because Republicans, led by Mitch McConnell, blocked the ability of Barack Obama to nominate Merrick Garland ā€“ or anyone ā€“ to a supreme court seat, claiming that, because it was an election year, voters should get to decide.

And then D____ T____ appointed Amy Coney Barrett in a radically rushed and incomplete, incoherent process ā€“ in an election year.

And now, this court, stacked with far-right judges appointed via ignoble means, has stripped from American women the right to control our own bodies. They have summarily placed women into a novel category of person with fewer rights not just than other people, but than fertilized eggs…. After all, no one else is forced to donate their organs for the survival of another ā€“ not parents to their children, not the dead to the living. It is only fertilized eggs, embryos and fetuses that are newly entitled to this right to use anotherā€™s body and organs against that otherā€™s will; it is only women and other people who can get pregnant who are now subject to these unparalleled, radical demands.

This raises a fundamental question: can a country be properly understood as a democracy ā€“ an entity in which government derives its power from the people ā€“ if it subjugates half of its population, putting them into a category of sub-person with fewer rights, freedoms and liberties?

The global trend suggests that the answer to that is no. A clear pattern has emerged in the past few decades: as countries democratize, they tend to liberalize womenā€™s rights, and they expand abortion and other reproductive rights. Luckily for the women of the world, this is where a great many nations are moving.

But the reverse is also true: as a smaller number of countries move toward authoritarian governance, they constrict the rights of women, LGBT people and many minority groups. We have seen this in every country that has scaled back abortion rights, reproductive rights, and womenā€™s rights more broadly in the past several years: Russia, Hungary, Poland, Nicaragua and the United States.

The same week that the Supreme Court issued its decision in Dobbs, the US House of Representatives has been holding hearings to inform the public about what actually happened during the attempted coup of 6 January 2021, and to ideally hold perpetrators, traitors and seditionists to account. We are only a year and a half past that disgraceful day, when an angry mob decided that they, an authoritarian, patriarchal, white supremacist minority, should rule ā€“ that any other outcome, no matter how free and fair the election, was illegitimate.

The Supreme Court decision stems from that same rotted root: the idea that a patriarchal minority should have nearly unlimited authority over the majority. The [reactionaries] on the court rightly understand that individual rights and womenā€™s freedoms are incompatible with a system of broad male control over women and children, and a broader male monopoly on the public, political and economic spheres.

But that authoritarian vision is also incompatible with democracy.

And so Democrats now have a choice. They can give speeches and send fundraising emails. Or they can act: declare this court illegitimate. Demand its expansion. Abolish the filibuster. Treat this like the emergency it is, and make America a representative democracy.

They’re Not Even Trying To Be Consistent. Or Honest. Or Historically Accurate.

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Texas can regulate abortion but New Jersey can’t regulate guns.

And lying to Congress is a crime:

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By the way (from historian J. M. Opal):

The 2nd Amendment, ratified in 1791, reads: ā€œA well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.ā€ Responsible readings of this sentence note that it locates gun rights within the framework of militia service, not as an individual entitlement. By contrast, the 5th Amendment, ratified the same year, says that ā€œNo personā€ shall be denied due process.

Militias aside, there is also the ā€œkeep and bearā€ part of the 2nd Amendment to consider. In the foundersā€™ era, to ā€œkeepā€ meant to own and possess something inside oneā€™s home, while ā€œbear armsā€ referred specifically to shouldering a musket or rifle in an army or militia.

Nowhere does the amendment declare or suggest a right to ā€œgo armed,ā€ the term used in that era for carrying a weapon such as a pistol or dagger, either openly or in secret.

The Fix Is In at the Supreme Court

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The draft opinion overturning Roe v. Wade is built on the assumption fetuses deserve special treatment while denying that assumption is being made. Liza Batkin explains with “Deceit in Plain Sight” for the New York Review of Books: Ā 

Justice Alitoā€™s draft opinion inĀ DobbsĀ v.Ā Jackson Womenā€™s Health OrganizationĀ would have you believe that the forthcoming decision to overruleĀ RoeĀ v.Ā WadeĀ is a display of great judicial restraint and independence. The draft is written in the language of solemn duty: we do notĀ wantĀ to take away abortion rights, the conservative justices say, but it does not matter what we want. ā€œWe can only do our job,ā€ Alito writes, ā€œwhich is to interpret the law,ā€ and to do so regardless of personal preferences or public opinion. In the draft decisionā€™s logic, it wasĀ RoeĀ that exercised ā€œraw judicial powerā€ andĀ DobbsĀ that will remedy this error by returning ā€œthe issue of abortion to the peopleā€™s elected representatives.ā€

These claims to neutrality and humility should make you nauseous and irate. For one thing, they come in the middle of a decision that would wield extraordinary power, disposing with a nearly half-century-old fundamental right and reshaping the lives of millions of Americans. Itā€™s also skin-crawling that these justices pretend to be concerned with empowering ā€œthe peopleā€ through their representatives afterĀ erodingĀ theĀ voting rightsĀ andĀ electoral rulesĀ that would have allowed them to be adequately represented.

This performance of duty comes from justices who have routinelyĀ championed religious interests, were nominated by Republican presidents, and have all been affiliated with the Federalist Society, an organization dedicated to promoting conservative legal ideology. While only Justice Barrett has made explicit her personal opinions about abortion, stating in a co-authored law review article in 1998 that it is ā€œalways immoral,ā€ the others are clearly not sacrificing their moral or political views for some higher charge.

You donā€™t need to look very far to see that the decision is a power grab cloaked in false modesty. The flaws in the majorityā€™s central argument, thatĀ RoeĀ was wrong to recognize a fundamental right to abortion, have beenĀ well-exposedĀ elsewhere. But there is another deceit at play here: while claiming fidelity to the constitutional text, the majorityā€™s draft is steeped in unexplained views about the importance of protecting fetuses at all stages of developmentā€”views that do not come from the Constitution but have traditionally been the purview of conservative and religious antiabortion advocates, and that are exactly the kind of personal belief the majority claims not to rely on.

The issue of abortion sinceĀ RoeĀ has been a battle between competing rights: a pregnant personā€™s right to control their reproductive choices, and the stateā€™s interest in protecting the potential life of a fetus. To balance these different interests, the Court has historically tried to avoid opining on the legal or moral claims of fetuses, since the issue teems with conflicting beliefs. One way to establish when the stateā€™s interest in protecting potential life becomes compelling, the Court recognized inĀ Roe, was to determine ā€œwhen life begins.ā€ But after a brief survey of opposing religious, philosophical, and theological views, the Court steered clear of the mire and landed instead on the line of viability, which protects the right to abortion until the fetus can survive outside the womb.

If you take Alito at his word, theĀ DobbsĀ majority has managed to sidestep this balancing act altogether. The draft decision proclaims that it is ā€œnot based on any view about when a State should regard prenatal life as having rights or legally cognizable interestsā€ and says little about the source, strength, or timing of the stateā€™s interest in potential fetal life.

But the majority has not avoided the issue. While claiming high-minded neutrality, they hint over and over at views about the importance of protecting fetal life. Early in the opinion, Alito explains that abortion ā€œis fundamentally differentā€ from all other liberty interests ā€œbecause it destroys what [RoeĀ andĀ Casey] called ā€˜fetal lifeā€™ and what the law now before us describes as an ā€˜unborn human being.ā€™ā€ As a result, the right to abortion presents a distinct and ā€œcritical moral question.ā€ The draft makes this point four times.

There is, however, no reason to assert that abortion at all stages of a pregnancy presents a unique and ā€œcritical moral questionā€ unless one already gives weight and legitimacy to moral claims for the protection of fetuses at all stages of development, starting even as soon as conception. How else can we explain the draft opinionā€™s circular insistence that the right to abortion is different from other rights simply because it destroys fetuses, which merely defines what an abortion does?

The terms the draft uses, too, are revealing. In veering from the ā€œpotential lifeā€ invoked byĀ RoeĀ andĀ CaseyĀ and repeating without qualification the language used by the Mississippi legislature along with antiabortion amicus briefs that defend the rights of the ā€œunborn human beingā€ and the ā€œunborn child,ā€ the majority divulges its allegiances. The footnotes tell the same story. In addition to citing a large array of prior dissenting opinions by conservative justices which have no legal authority, the draft draws on amicus briefs and articles dedicated to proving that fetuses are people. Alitoā€™s majority does all of this while claiming that it ā€œhas neither the authority nor the expertise to adjudicateā€ disputes about ā€œthe status of the fetusā€ and citing language that courts must not ā€œsubstitute their social and economic beliefs for the judgment of legislative bodies.ā€

While we rally to protect the right of pregnant people to make decisions about their bodies and futures (and desperately hope that this draft decision does not become law), we should recognize whatā€™s going on here. The [reactionary] justices are preparing to abuse their power, cause grievous harm, and treat usā€”the ā€œpeopleā€ they pretend to empowerā€”like fools, assuming we wonā€™t notice the contradictions theyā€™ve left in plain sight.